How does smoking affect recovery after a fracture?

• A. It enhances bone healing
• B. It has no effect on healing
• C. It hinders healing after fracture
• D. It improves circulation during recovery

Answer: (C)

Smoking hinders healing after a fracture primarily due to its negative effects on circulation, bone metabolism, and overall recovery processes. Nicotine and other chemicals found in tobacco can constrict blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the injured area. This decreased blood supply impairs the delivery of essential nutrients and oxygen that are vital for the healing process.

Additionally, smoking has been shown to inhibit osteoblast function, which is critical for bone formation and repair. It can also interfere with the production of collagen, an important protein that provides structural support to bones and tissues. The overall impact of smoking results in delayed healing and an increased risk of complications, such as non-union or malunion of fractures. Therefore, option C aligns with the scientific understanding of the effects of smoking on fracture recovery.